Indians In The US & Canada, p. 14 to 38

1. The French erected a stockade @ Quebec
2. defeated a Mohawk attack
3. poorly made French weapons gave French an advantage over Indians
4. war party traveled South to attack the Senecas
5. French: successful interventions against Mohawks & Senecas
6. If the French made peace with Mohawks, trade might go to Albany
7. If the Mohawks made peace, their position as middlemen would deteriorate
8. Iroquois didn’t have fur-bearing animals in their home area: little opportunity to hunt/trade
9. Hurons believed they were more intelligent than bearded white settlers
10. Hurons believed tools had magical abilities
11. Hurons hated French food, medical practices & called the hospital: the place of death
12. French wanted peace & profits from the fur trade
13. the French met natives as missionaries or traders
14. the Spanish demanded obedience & extracted wealth from the natives
15. Hurons, agricultural people, settlers brought more prosperity
16. St. Lawrence settlement: less than 100 settlers

The Dutch
1. began colonial settlements in present day New York
2. the Dutch West India Company was chartered- modeled on the East India Company
3. Dutch chose locations with care
4. equipped settlers with the goods they needed
5. urged careful diplomacy in dealing with local Indians
6. Dutch operated out of Fort Orange
7. traded with Algonquin Mahicans 
8. the Dutch were successfully ambushed by the Mohawks
9. The Iroquis swept the Mahicans out for a while, 
10. Europeans became neutral with the Mohawks
11. 1640, beavers were hunted to near extinction
12. unregulated Dutch traders, bosch loopers robbed natives & created tribal anger towards the Dutch
13.Kieft’s War: 1642 Dutch troops marched through villages to intimidate natives
14. 1643, Pavonia Massacre of villagers occurred
15. Indians signed a peace settlement
16.rumors of war: strained race relations
17. 1660s: the English seized the New Netherland
18. Gov. Stuyvesant had prisoners sent into slavery, working on Caribbean plantations
19. Dutch depended on the Mohawks for their continued trade successes
20. Dutch had little trading success without the Mohawks
21. the French couldn’t clear much land
22. 1640: Quebec had less than 400 people
23. four Recollect friars came to Christianize the natives
24. Hurons, agricultural settlement
25. Indian culture-no organized religious authority
26. hunter Indians became farmers
27. French used persuasion, Spanish used force
28. they wanted to separate children from the parents
29. ate more European food than they should have
30. difficult to change native’s beliefs
31. missonaries decided to teach adult Indians instead
32. Company of New France: special fishing rights on the St. Lawrence to Indians
33. Iroquois raids occurred frequently
34. Hurons: surplus of corn
35. Hurons became middlemen for the fur trade
36. shamans called Jesuits-witches
37. natives were baptized for a trade advantage
38. 1640, 1/2 Hurons were killed by epidemics
39. bitter disputes between Huron Christians & traditionalists
40. Europeans introduced new diseases with tragic results
41. Apache & Navajo raiders in New Mexico

Florida:
1. Florida: Franciscans had a higher chance of success, larger population density
2. From St. Augustine to Georgia
3. genuine conversions, fear of Europeans reaction, dependence on manufactured goods
4. 1675, Choctaws revolted


Escalating French-Indian Tensions p. 30
1. Iroquoian peoples asked for peace
2. 1645, Mohawks agreed to stop their raids
3. this hurt Iroquois traders
4. Senecas/Mohawks raided the Huron villages
5. Mohawk/Senecas: unopposed, heavily armed
6. less than 400 French inhabitants of Quebec
7. a tiny colonial society emerged
8. Indians had few objections to inter-marriage
9. Indian women only wanted to marry successful French hunters
10. issues in equality, assimilation, segregation, fair treatment
11. Indians gained many rights by becoming converts
12. Champlain rejected Indian legal customs on multiple counts
13. Montreal: few interracial marriages, few conversions
14. Cardinal Richelieu: conversion of Indians was an important goal
15. whites demanded organized corporeal punishment for individual guilt vs. Indians custom of having family members seek revenge
16. Indians didn’t find the French system to their liking
17. processions, pews, schools, hospitals were segregated. Even corpses were buried separately!
18. Jean Baptiste Talon, local intendent, sent traders west in the guise of exploration 
19. Mohawks objected to the encroachment but were involved in a war already
20. moved South of the Great Lakes & to the Mississippi Valley
21. Mohawk Christians were treated well by the French
22. Indians kidnapped to replace deceased relatives or took revenge on captives
23. 1684: Canadians at Fort Frontenac fight against the Iroquois in New York
24. Iroquois dictated a humiliating peace
25. smallpox/measles killed 10% of the French population
26. French began to embrace guerilla warfare instead of marching large groups through forests to be ambushed by the natives
27. Iroquois had to sue for peace
28. Callieres concluded a treaty with the Iroquois 
29. 1701, disease/warfare decimated Indian populations
30. St. Lawrence valley: mostly nomadic hunting/gathering society. French had little effect on them. 
31. the Spanish tried to shape Indian production to their needs
32. Dutch claimed title to the lands but allowed Indian occupancy
33. tribal landownership/sovereignty: tackled differently by French, Spanish, Dutch
34. Recollect fathers entered the St. Lawrence region as quickly as traders
35. Spanish clerics were very unsuccessful in educating native children
36. disease, warfare, dislocation, cultural and economic disruption were endemic
37. The Dutch acted as invaders, wanted to subjugate the native people, took deeds to the land. 
38. the French fought very few wars of conquest, wanted voluntary incorporation of natives into their society
39. The Spanish assumed a right to dominate Indian peoples & demanded that tribes accept inclusion in the colonial system
40. 1701, Europeans gained control of trade because they had manufactured goods
41. the Indians need for manufactured goods forced them to trade
42. tribal systems were shattered, European domination became more entrenched. 


[1]http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/5604/6