Chapter I, Native Peoples Meet The Spanish, French, and Dutch, 1513 to 1701, p.1 to 14

• Chapter I, Native Peoples Meet The Spanish, French, and Dutch, 1513 to 1701, p.1 to 14
  
  1. The “Native peoples” moved from Siberia to Alaska
  2. They then moved South into the rest of North America some 12,000 to 14,000 years before Europeans “discovered” North America
  3. Indians developed 100s of societies with different languages, social practices, and adaptations to their local environments
  
  Adaptations
  1. Eastern Canada: Iroquian: hunting/fishing/gardening near St. Lawrence Valley towns
  2. (N. Canada)Algonquin: hunt/gather near great river
  3. (W. Canada) Hurons: agricultural 
  4. (South) Coosa, Apalachee, Natchez: based on rich soil, plenty of rainfall, mild climate
  5. Southwest: Zuni, Hopi, pueblo dwellers: well-established permanent settlements
  
  Differences From Europeans
  1. no empires!
  2. no kingdoms!
  3. no tight confederacies! There were loose confederacies... 
  4. reverent approach towards nature
  5. animals, trees, sun, moon, sky: possessed spiritual powers important to everyday life
  6. the shaman, the native’s spiritual leader helped the people to stay in balance with nature
  7. lacked hierarchy
  8. civil chiefs made local decisions after lengthy discussion brought consensus
  9. no elections, villagers who disagreed could leave the community
  10. women were outside of public life: produced food, clothing shelter
  11. children learned necessary skills from a variety of adults in the village
  12. shaming/ridicule was used in instances of misbehavior
  13. frequent sharing of resources
  14. giving away goods was prestigious
  15. utilized wood, bone, stone: didn’t last long
  16. hunted: a great amount of chance, less stable
  
  European’s Worldview/Characteristics
  1. humans are outside of nature
  2. Native peoples became tribes after interacting with Europeans
  3. natural resources exist for humanity’s benefit
  4. Europeans promoted a strict social hierarchy
  5. corporeal punishment was used in instances of misbehavior
  6. boats created moveable communities
  7. carried supplies for months of sustenance
  8. iron, brass, steel, copper implements were utilized: lasted longer
  9. the Spanish herded domesticated animals: more dependable
  10. written agreements allowed Europeans to make & alter agreements with native leaders
  11. Europeans had nationalistic tendencies
  12. Europeans had theological differences
  13. Spain, France, Holland, & England were eager to prove their superiority
  14. knowledge of science, geography, technology added to European feelings that God was at their side
  15. Europeans came for God, glory, adventure, wealth, fame & the opportunity to escape difficult lives in their home country
  16. Europeans had access to horses/dogs which helped them gain military victories
  
  
  Spanish Expedition
  1. 1513 expedition of Juan Ponce de Leon from Puerto Rico to Florida
  2. wanted riches, slave or the Fountain of Youth
  3. 1521, an Indian arrow wounded Leon mortally
  4. native peoples were captured and sold into slavery in the Caribbean
  5. early explorers brought misery & destruction
  6. kidnapping, rape, robbery, warfare was brought by Europeans
  7. Spaniards got to North America First
  
  French Expedition
  1. Jacques Cartier went into the St. Lawrence River in Canada 
  2. French weren’t as brutal as the Spaniards but their dealings with the Northern tribes weren’t very peaceful
  3. Cartier knew little about native peoples
  4. native peoples opened informal trading with European fishing vessels along the coast
  5. traded beads, combs, small knives with natives
  6. Cartier kidnapped two sons of Donnacona, chief of Stadacona
  7. 1535, Cartier led a squadron of three ships to Stadacona
  8. made a winter camp in Stadacona
  9. didn’t ask permission of nearby villagers before setting up his camp
  10. didn’t meet with Chief Donnacona to make a ceremonial alliance with him
  11. villagers viewed his actions as discourteous, threatening to their economic well-being
  12. went to Hochelaga, near present-day Montreal, he was welcomed gladly by the villagers
  13. returned to Donnacona’s village, endured a difficult winter
  14. scurvy broke out among Cartier’s men, the Indians taught them how to made medicinal tea from white cedar bark & conifer needles & cure the disease
  15. Indians traded for metal goods, knives and awls, scratch tool for marking wood
  16. Chief Donnacona’s descriptions of rich kingdoms of the interior convinced French officials to establish a resident colony under La Rocque
  17. captives died in France
  18. relations between natives & French deteriorated immediately
  19. 1543, French abandoned the N. American settlement
  20. sixty years later the French returned by the villages were abandoned
  
  Spanish Forays In The South & West
  1. Spanish expeditions were under the monarch’s supervision
  2. consulted with adelantados, Spanish governors, “he who goes before,”[1]
  3. adelantados wanted wealth, power, & possibly public offices
  4. after Leon’s death in 1521, Spanish renewed interest in N. America
  5. Hernando de Soto brought troops to Tampa Bay
  6. Soto enslaved people, used them as laborers
  7. Soto had superior weapons/body armor but Indians weakened the invaders
  8.1542, Soto died on the lower Mississippi River
  9. 1540, Coronado led forces into the USA
  10. captured Zuni village, used it as headquarters
  11. headed toward Albuquerque
  12. crossed Texas, Oklahoma, stopped in central Kansas
  13. Cabrillo, 1st to get to California
  14. Cabrillo survived an Indian attack on his first night ashore
  15. his pilot tried to get to S. Oregon but supplies ran low so they returned to Mexico
  16. explorers, clerics & wealth-seekers came
  17. Europeans brought misery, disease, destruction
  18. brought back stories, legends, lies & incorrect data about the places they visited
  19. brought malaria & smallpox
  20. In 1565, the Spanish government acted. It authorized Pedro Menendez de Aviles to direct settlement in Florida & sent him with over 1,000 men to accomplish that objective. Once there he built a line of forts stretching from near present-day Miami to what is now South Carolina. He also sent subordinates to establish other forts and settlements in the Southeast. For several years soldiers crossed Florida, meeting Indians, seeking wealth, and learning about the land. 
  21. hungry soldiers seized food and abused women
  22. the Spanish were willing to destroy/enslave their enemies
  23. battles with the Indians/British raids reduced the Spanish hold on Florida to St. Augustine
  
  Missionaries
  1. Jesuit missionaries wanted to bring Christianity & Spanish practices to several Florida groups
  2. children only listened for food
  3. Jesuits mocked the shaman which angered their hosts
  4. 1560s, Indians came to ignore/oppose the Jesuit’s efforts
  5. 3 decades later: Spanish settlers came into New Mexico
  6. took over village, renamed it San Juan
  7. troubles with Indians erupted immediately
  8. the Spanish settlement grew slowly as poverty, isolation & continued danger from the tribes inhibited further immigration
  9. the Spanish hold on the region was weak 
  
  The Rise Of The St. Lawrence Sea Trade
  1. 1580s, French traded with the Algonquins
  2. 1600, annual fur trade was developed
  3. King Henry IV gave grants to successful merchants
  4. 1603, Guast got a king-granted-monopoly but New France didn’t have many settlers so they held little influence/sway over the Native Americans
  5. Champlain chose an outpost on the Atlantic coast
  6. 1605, moved to Port Acadia
  7. Acadia presented difficulties
  8. settlement continued in Acadia but French wanted to move to St. Lawrence
  9. fur trade: economic base for settlements
  10. bartered corn, tobacco, for fish, meat, hides, furs
  11. copper, wampum beads-luxuries
  12. beaver hunters became economically dependent on Europeans for food because pelting was time consuming
  13. tribes considered furs modest 
  14. beaver was traded for kettles, axes, swords, knives, food, drink
  15. Indians chosen as trade captains were given extra goods
  16. older-localism eroded with trade
  17. a cleric was hung by a tree for trespassing
  18. Indians became sharp, waited for later ships to trade to get better prices for their goods
  19. 1610, Canadian Indians forced the French to adopt their customs & negotiate in their language
  20. the French didn’t need land for their settlements unlike the Spanish settlers
  21. French realized good relations with Indians N. of the St. Lawrence river was integral to good trade
  
  

Introduction To Indians In The US & Canada, & Class Notes For 09/30/2009

Introduction (xii to xvii, Indians In The United States & Canada):
a. 5 million to 10 million in N. America before white settlers
b. Indian populations fell dramatically when white settlers arrived
c. trade between whites & native populations was overcome by greed
d. cooperation between whites & native populations was overcome by brutality
e. goodwill between whites & native populations was overcome by violence
f. invaders often took physical control
g. North America, Australia & New Zealand were overcome by invasions
h. disease killed millions of natives
i. whites had superior technology: metal tools, firearms, wheeled vehicles, domesticated animals. Whites could dominate native peoples easily with their advanced technology.
j. white society/European political structures valued hierarchy as a means of social organization

The succession of tribal life
1. tribal independence: tribes governed their own affairs
2. Indian/white equality: white settlers & native peoples had similar rights
3. dependent tribes: native tribes depended on whites economically
4. marginality: native tribes were marginalized and stood on the fringe of society & tribes were not economically powerful

Books:
1. Custer Died For Your Sons, critique of destructive white impacts on tribes
2. The Unjust Society, about white settler’s use of government & government actions by whites which were intended to destroy native communities
3. Indians lost their homelands
4. Spain, France, Great Britain, Canada & USA all embraced different governmental policies which affected Native Americans

European’s Beliefs:
1. Christianity
2. private property
3. top-down political structures
4. advanced technology
5. advanced ethnocentrism: characterized by or based on the attitude that one's own group is superior

Class Notes, 09/30/2009

Wilson
1.German sources are academically acceptable

Fixico
1. code of ethics with which to approach Native American/tribal history
2. tribal histories: histories of native peoples
3. America-centric: use American values/an American lens to consider history
4. metaphysical
5. naming
6. environment
7. environment
8. experts/specialists
9. histeriography
10. Non-consenting communication
11. Middle Ground
12. Consent requires inner tribal political engagement

Activist
1. field work
2. oral sources
3. repetition
4. sacred knowledge
5. * protocols
6. respect
7. allies
8. agency

One Tribal Story:
1. a chief that lives below the world wants to marry this one particular girl within a village, one of the villager’s daughters
2. the village chiefs consult to determine whether the daughter should marry the “underworld chief” 
3. the village chiefs realize that the daughter does not want to marry the “underground chief”
4. The village chiefs decide that it would be against the daughter’s will to force marriage upon the daughter against the daughter’s will
5. the “underworld chief” angrily attacks the villagers with fire & the villagers must wade in a nearby lake in order to survive the onslaught of fire
6. Significance: geologically important events were transmitted inter-generationally through oral stories. There probably was a geologically significant event that was of note that elders wished to pass on to younger generations. Such stories also served as entertainment.
7. What is history? What is historical evidence?

Oral Stories Vs. The Oral Tradition (see handout)
1. scholars consolidate oral stories to eliminate redundancy which isn’t favorable within the written/literate tradition

Oral Tradition
1. stories that are told through generations and by many different people
2. Moralistic, cautionary
3. repetitive
4. roots in pre-literate cultures
5. metaphysical
6. lineage/heritage
7. relationship between story teller & audience
8. Of time long ago

Oral History
1. a recounting of personal, individual experience
2. democratic, social history
3. non-elite
4. roots in post-WWII recording technology & social history
5. experience based, rooted in material reality
6. relationship between interviewer & interviewee
7. of a time within the interviewers life

Quotes (Handout)
1. “These definitions are applicable to Native American oral history & oral tradition only in a very limited way.... From a Native perspective, I would suggest instead that oral history is contained within oral tradition. For the Dakota, ‘oral tradition’ refers to the way in which information is passed on rather than the length of time something has been told.” (-Angela Cavendar Wilson, “Grandmother to Granddaughter: Generations of Oral History in a Dakota Family,” American Indian Quarterly, vol. 20, no. 1 (Winter, 1996)